Come and See: May 2008

Polar bear "A Powerfull Predator"

The polar bears leave trough the Arctic ice and swim in the region's coastal waters. They are very good swimmers, and its major forelegs, which they use to paddle, are easily webbed. Some polar bear swim, hundreds of kilometers of land if they are in probably greater than the distance of the free float to ice sheets.

The polar bears live in a world of cold climates and are dependent on a thick fur coat in isolation for a warming layer of fat. Fur grows even at the bottom of their feet, which protects against the cold surfaces and offers a good grip on ice. The bear white coat looks bleak for camouflage in snow and ice. But after their fur, the polar bears have black skin better course in warming rays of the sun.

This powerful predator’s typically prey of the seals. In search of the career areas that they visit. The expenses to crack the ice where seals can go out at the surface for air to breathe. They also have stem cells from ice and the edges of breathing. If the opportunity, the polar bears also consuming carcasses, as the deaths of whales. These giants of the Arctic, the master their environment and have no natural enemies.

Women in the ditch, in deep snow slippage provide protection and isolation of the Arctic elements. They arise in the winter, mostly in case of twins. The young bears are living with their mother for about 28 months to the techniques of survival in the far north. Women compete to protect their small, but received no help from their male colleagues exercise restraint. In fact, the male polar bear kill in May even the young people in her case.

The polar bears are attractive and seductive, but they are carnivores, the powerful are usually not afraid of people who design can be dangerous. Near human settlements, they often have a taste of waste, which bears and people in dangerous proximity.

Dinosaurs

With a name like T. Rex, you are trying to protect even the most violent fiercest paleo-bullies. It turns out old flying reptiles could taste the baby Tyrannosaurus Rex and other dinosaurs landlubbing runts in the world.

A new study shows a group of reptiles, the flying lived during the era of dinosaurs some 230 million to 65 million years took no prey in flight, but the petioles on the mainland.
So far, the paleontologist photographed what the so-called "lizard wing" or as pterosaurs lean diet. In this vision, the creatures, which over the lakes and oceans Fang of fish, the surface of the water, a little like the seagulls, do today.
The new discoveries, detailed online this week in the journal PLoS ONE, the animals are not totally terrain.
"In our case, the first flight is a method of the locomotive," said the co-Mark Witton Researchers at the University of Portsmouth in England. "They are for use to move from point A to point B. We believe that the majority in their life when they are feeding and reproduction, that's all happening on the ground and not in the air."
To this diet habits, Witton and Portsmouth colleague Darren Naish analysis of the fossils to a group of pterosaurs Tigre azhdarchids paper, are much larger than the other pterosaurs. For example, one of the largest azhdarchids, Quetzalcoatlus, weighs about 550 pounds (250 kg) with a range of more than 30 feet (10 meters) and a height similar to a giraffe.

Dinosaurs II

Witton Nash and learn that more than 50 percent of azhdarchid fossils have been found in inland. Other features of the skeleton, including the members and to Nackensteife, not a mud or MM-probe nutrition.
"All details of their anatomy, the environment and their fossils are found in, show that they have taken their lives to go, descending, and the selection of animals and other prey," said Nash.
A diet to be done as a seagull trawls in his jaw has less water. Possibly in or smacking a fish and shrimp from the water. "Whatever they have beaten the strength of the shock, the head and the body below the neck and in the water, which is a very flexible neck," said Witton.
This is the case with the seagulls and pelicans (as a diver diving), but azhdarchid neck, despite potentially to almost 10 feet (3 m) length, is super stiff. "Anyway, these animals were, he had to participate in a minimum of neck action," said Witton.
Their little feet also excluded in the river to ford the water or mud explores soft food. "Some of these animals are enormous," said Witton Live Science. "If you have to ford through the silent mud, and you weigh quarter tone, and you have this little dinky foot, you will be a little tub po"
The head of the reptiles was also quite long, up to 10 feet (3 meters). So says a Witton azhdarchid have only the head turnout in part on the ground, enough to the end of his pines, you are asking to hunt and feed on prey on land. Back before they disappeared 65 million years at the event, which also killed off the coast of bird flu dinosaurs, pterosaurs could breakfast on the animals, small birds such as T. Rex Velicoraptors to babies in amphibians.

Urban Ants

The heat of the city is, like the ants urban justice to extreme temperatures, which gives an overview of the impact that changes in global climate could trigger an international team of scientist’s reports.
Cities may 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the surrounding rural areas, with asphalt roads and other properties absorption and the holding of more energy from the sun as a natural landscape. The researchers, the urban development "heat island".
Hot Topic

Goldilocks and the greenhouse effect
what makes the Earth habitable? The original video Live Science explores the science of global warming and explains how at the moment, the conditions here are straight ahead.

The researchers have examined the colonies of leaf-cutting ants (Atta sexdens rubropilosa) inside and outside of Sao Paulo, Brazil, South America, the largest city with a population of more than 11 million people. They focused on the means and the urban and rural ants tolerate extreme heat and cold in the premises of the testing phase.
With 107.6 degrees Fahrenheit, scientists from the urban ants lasted 20 percent longer than ants from outside the city before the extreme heat knocked her implementation. Strangely, although the researchers expected that the extreme cold in the city of ants faster, they found urban ants back storage at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius) in ice-Entombed Petri dishes around so fast that the ants, which outside the city.
"We do not know whether this model to other species or other cities, but people should be sure to research," researcher Michael Angilletta the State University of Indiana said in a prepared statement. "Ultimately, this research could help us to understand how the species are responding to global climate change."
"We will thermal maps using satellite images, which over several years," said Qihao Weng researchers at Indiana State University. "These cards can be the potential biological effects of urban warming and identify suitable locations for future experiments."

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Ancient Insect

A fossil of leaf-imitating insects was founded. They believed it was 47 million years ago similarities to the mimickers of today.
The discovery is the first fossil of a leaf insects (Eophyllium messelensis), and also shows that the leaves imitation is an old and successful evolutionary strategy was maintained over a relatively long period of time.
The scientists under the direction of Sonja Wedmann of the Institute of Paleontology in Bonn, Germany, the remains brought to light a well-known Web Grube Messel, Hesse, Germany.
From 2.4-inches long insects were similar physical features the oblong leaves of trees living there at the time, including Myrtle trees, legumes such as alfalfa, and Laurel trees.
He also shares with the functions of modern family of insects in size, shape and pattern for camouflage. For example, the foliage has fossils well as the extension of its abdomen.
During the day, to hide, the robbers on a sheet of insects can remain quiet for long periods, Raffung his head in her body to the leaves. The fossils of insects seem clear that the scientists found their legs were curves and has a stage when the head of the insect could be used.
The night when the insects are active at night, they rock-and forth like a leaf floating in the wind.

Insects hold thier breath

The scientists have recognized that certain insects, can send their breathing during the hours, even days. A new study shows why: too much air, to kill.
And insects breathe through the holes, called spiracles, in its whole body. Some insects close the holes from time to time. The scientists had thought, perhaps they have arrested to breathe to the loss of water or to adapt to environments with carbon dioxide, but no evidence supports sound idea.
The new study shows that if the oxygen we need is an insect, to tissue damage. The opening and closing of spiracles is in a way that airs carbon dioxide according to the identified needs, without the inhalation of oxygen.
The research was by Stefan HETZ Humboldt University in Berlin and Timothy Bradley of the University of California, Irvine. It is in 3rd February issue of the journal Nature.
Insect package corresponds to the lungs to a large part of her body. Hit the air industry throughout the body - an efficient system to vigorously breathing critters. The introduction of air and carbon dioxide is more than 100 times faster than through the blood, as with the people.
The researchers studied the dolls butterfly atlas moth night and found it manages to keep the oxygen constant.
"Historically, the physiologist, justified the spiracles open during the financial year to deliver more oxygen," Bradley HETZ and write. "We say it openly, because they are free from the need to close."
The scientists provide "evidence" that the insects, their breathing not acquire to oxygen as well as to prevent, said Thorsten Burmester from the Institute of Zoology at the University of Mainz in

Germany

. Burmester was not involved in the research.
"The hypothesis has serious implications for the way we believe that the breathing of the animals," Burmester wrote in an analysis of monitoring in the magazine

Bats

For men bats, the intelligence comes at a heavy price. A new study has revealed that the bat species with large brains smallest testicles.
The correlation is probably a compromise between development, have a large brain and the production of shipments of semen, said Scott Pitnick, biologist at the University of Syracuse in New York, he at the forefront of research.
"The man multiplier's the greatest number of sperm May this game to win, and hence many bats have large testes scandalous," said Pitnick. Because they live with a knife energy demand shows bats May not be able to drive their development, the testes and big heads. "
Female bats in many species mate with more than a simple man, and the sperm can enter the body of the woman during the long period leading to a fierce competition b

etween sperm to fertilize the egg. Pitnick suspected that the men, the testicles relatively large and small brains leave more that the large-brained children and less fertile competitors.
In the study, Pitnick and his colleagues studied 334 species of bat, and noted that the species with the promiscuity of women, men have larger testicles, but relatively small brains. In species where the women are loyal to their companions, the link has been made. The study also showed that the men of loyalty seems to have no effect on the testicles or size of the brain.
In some species of bat, the testicles of males can be up to 8.5% of body mass. Of all mammals, the bats the largest selection of testicular mass: between 0.12 percent and 8.5 percent of body mass.
By comparison, the mass of the testicles in primates (including humans) varies from 0.02 to 0.75 percent

Frogs and Toads are Different

Frogs
As a general rule, but if we believe, frogs, the overall picture called "True frogs "....
Members of the family Ranidae, with over 400 species.
These frogs have characteristics:

* Two eyes dished
* Good for a long time, a network of background feet, to jump and swim
* Smooth skin or mucous membrane (usually frogs rather humid environment)
* Frogs tend to place the eggs in clusters.

The frogs of this family are found on all continents except Antarctica. They are regarded as the "real frogs, because its general body shape and history of life: the so-called generic frog.
The members of this family are part of horse frog, the frog, green frog, leopard frog, Seefrosch, pickerel frog, the frog and wood.

Toads

The notion of toads instead on "True toads "....
Bufonidae family members, with over 300 species.

These species of frogs, are characterized by:

* Stubby with the rear legs short (for hiking instead Hopping)
* Warts and dry skin (usually prefer dry-climate)
* Paratoid (or poison) glands behind the eyes
* The cartilage chest toads also differs.
* Toads tend to place the eggs in long chains. (There are a few toads (Nectophrynoides genres), however, are the only types of anurans to raise young people's lives!)

True toads are in the world, except in Australasia, polar regions, Madagascar and Polynesia, but has been artificially Bufo marinus in Australia and some South Pacific islands.
Bufo addition, the family includes 25 species, all of which, like frogs, frog!

Bees are so Remarkable

Between 20 000 and 60 000 alive bees in a hive. The queen bee can lay 1 500 eggs per day and live up to 2 years. The drones, whose only mission is to mate with the queen bee, has a shelf life of about 24 days - has no sting. Work bees - all women sterile - the normal work the same death within 40 days this summer, collect nectar and pollen. Worker bees fly up to 14 kilometers (9 miles), pollen and nectar, fly to 24 Km / h (15 MPH).

The pollen is the highest bid in proteins and vitamins for bees, 10 amino acids needed. The nectar is up 80% sugar, but less than 0.2% protein, is the nectar of carbohydrates in the cell. The nectar of bees in the cell by cell, then the evaporation of water from the nectar of the wing by a quick mo

ve. If the quantity of water is less than 18% considered the mixture and honey bees, cap cells. Thus, 80% honey, sugar and 20% water. A mixture of honey and pollen regarded as "the bread of bees" and are food for bees and larvae.

A worker bee communicate its results in a floral dance in the cell. The orientation of their movements and frequency of vibration to show them the direction and distance of flowers.

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